The History of True Orthodoxy
By Stavros Markou
According to the Acts of the Apostles, the disciples of Christ and the first converts to the Apostolic Faith became commonly known as the
'Christians' . St. Ignatius of Antioch and many other early Church Fathers began using the term 'Catholic Church' in reference to the
Universal Body of Christ. The First Ecumenical Council affirmed the belief in 'One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church ' — 'One' just as
Christ is One; 'Holy' because God is Holy; 'Catholic' as the Church is Universal and for all tribes and tongues; and 'Apostolic' because
Christ founded the Church on the confession of His Apostles.
Due to heresies (i.e., false teachings) which arose in the first and second centuries, and continue to rise even in our times, the
Church took on the name 'Orthodox' ('aright-believing' ) to distinguish Itself from the false believing heretics. Unfortunately, many times in
the history of the Church, the heretics were in power, taking control of the Patriarchal Sees and falsely calling themselves "Orthodox". In
such cases, the true Orthodox were persecuted and driven underground or into the wilderness for the sake of preserving their pure
confession of the Orthodox Faith. But our loving and compassionate Lord has always given signs of hope and assurance to the true Orthodox
Christians, strengthening them, so that they may endure until the end and stand fast and keep their confession, even until their last breath.
One such sign was the Holy Cross which appeared in the heavens over the Holy Land during the reign of St. Cyril of Jerusalem , at a
time when the Church was plagued by the Arian controversy. Such dark times were those of St. Gregory the Theologian. At this point in time,
St. Gregory and his followers broke off ecclesiastical communion with the heretics, so as not to be corrupted by them. The heretics however,
having control of the patriarchal sees, continued to call themselves "Orthodox", even though in reality they were not. Therefore the
followers of St. Gregory the Theologian called themselves "Genuine" or "True" Orthodox Christians, so as to distinguish themselves from the
false so-called "Orthodox". In reply to why the "Genuine Orthodox Christians" warded themselves off from the heretics, St. Gregory the
Theologian wrote: "For we are not striving to conquer, but to bring our brothers—separation from whom brings us great distress—to our
side." —Patrologia Graeca, Vol. xxxvi, col. 440B (Oration 41: "On Pentecost").
Another True Orthodox hierarch who was a contemporary of St. Gregory the Theologian was St. Basil the Great, who wrote: "A Church
pure and untouched by the harshness of our times is not easily found and from now on rarely to be seen—a Church that has preserved the
apostolic doctrine unadulterated and inviolate!.. . Beloved brethren, we are small and humble, but we have not accommodated our faith
according to changing events. We do not have one faith in Seleucia , another in Constantinople , another in Zelis, another in Lampsake, and
a different one for Rome . The faith that is professed today is not different from the one that came before; it is the one and same
faith." —St. Basil the Great, to the Evaisenians. (A.D. 376) After the Second and Third Ecumenical Councils, the Church was finally restored,
and Orthodoxy triumphed once again.
Yet another great champion of Orthodoxy against Arianism was St. Athanasius the Great. In his letter to the fourth century True
Orthodox Christians, he wrote, among other things, the following words: "May God console you! ... What saddens you ... is the fact that
others have occupied the Churches by violence, while during this time you are on the outside. It is a fact that they have the premises—but
you have the apostolic faith. They can occupy our churches, but they are outside the true faith. You remain outside the places of worship,
but the faith dwells within you. Let us consider: what is more important, the place or the faith? The true faith, obviously. Who has
lost and who has won in this struggle—the one who keeps the premises or the one who keeps the faith? ... No one, ever, will prevail against
your faith, beloved brothers, and we believe that God will give us our Churches back some day. Thus, the more violently they try to occupy
the places of worship, the more they separate themselves from the Church. They claim that they represent the Church but in reality they
are the ones who are expelling themselves from it and going astray. Even if Christians faithful to tradition are reduced to a handful,
they are the ones who are the true Church of Jesus Christ." —Coll. Selecta SS. Eccl. Patrum. (Caillu and Guillou, Vol. 32, pp 411-412).
Another terrible apostasy occurred during the life of St. Maximus the Confessor. Although only a monk, he broke off communion with all
those who fell into the heresy of Monothelitism. When questioned as to why he was not in communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople, St.
Maximus replied: "Even if the whole universe holds communion with the Patriarch, I will not communicate with him. For I know from the
writings of the holy Apostle Paul: the Holy Spirit declares that even the angels would be anathema if they should begin to preach another
Gospel, introducing some new teaching." —The Life of St. Maximus the Confessor, Boston , 1982, pp. 60-62. When the Sixth Ecumenical Council
was finally convened, all the heretics were anathematized. During all those years, that one simple monk was right, and all those notable
bishops were wrong.
Among the most well-known times of apostasy are the dark years of the Iconoclastic Periods. The Iconoclasts were condemned by the
Seventh Ecumenical Council, but Iconoclasm was not brought to a final end until the Council of the Triumph of Orthodoxy was convened under
Empress St. Theodora.
Other confusing times include those of the false councils of Lyons and Florence . At Lyons , all of the Orthodox delegates signed the
heretical declaration of union with the heretical Pope of Rome. However, several of the delegates retracted their signatures upon
returning to their dioceses. At the false council of Florence , however, St Mark of Ephesus was the sole bishop that refused to submit
to the heretical Pope.
Regarding the Latin-minded "Patriarch" Gregory III (1392-1445), St. Mark of Ephesus wrote: "For I am absolutely convinced that the
more I distance myself from him and those like him, the closer I draw to God and all the faithful and Holy Fathers; and to the extent that I
separate myself from these people, even so am I united with the truth and the Holy Fathers and theologians of the Church." —St. Mark of
Ephesus , Patrologia Graeca, Vol. clx, cols. 536c and 537a.
It is interesting that St. Mark of Ephesus not only resisted communion with the heretical Patriarch while alive, but even after
death he refused any form of communion. "I neither desire," this Atlas of Orthodoxy declares, "nor accept communion with him [i.e., the
Latin-minded Patriarch] or his lackeys, in any manner whatsoever, whether during my lifetime or after my death'; 'just as throughout my
life I was separated from them [viz., the Latinizers], so also at the time of my departure from life, and even after my death, I reject
communion and union with them; and I adjure, I command, that none of them approach either at my funeral or at memorial services for me, nor
even those of anyone else belonging to our faction, so as to attempt to associate and concelebrate with our clergy. For this is to mix what
cannot be mixed. For it is necessary that they [viz., the Latinizers] be completely separated from us, until God grants the good amendment
and peace of His Church." —St. Mark of Ephesus , Patrologia Graeca, Vol. clx, col. 536c.
However, the greatest apostasy of all times was definitely that of the early 20th century. In the past, the Church has been attacked by
several christological heresies [viz., heresies regarding Christ's person, divinity, humanity, etc]. However, the turn of the 20th
century marked the manifestation of various ecclesiological heresies [viz., heresies regarding the Church, Divine Grace, the Mysteries and
Holy Tradition.] These modern ecclesiological heresies include Rennovationism, New Calendarism, Sergianism, Modernism and the
Pan-heresy of Ecumenism. (For more information on these heresies, go to the Heresies Section.) These heresies became powerful forces, and,
in collaboration with one another, eventually seized control of the patriarchal sees, of which they continue to occupy to this day.
Another ecclesiological heresy, less severe than those listed above, is that of Cyprianism), which caused further schisms.
Nevertheless, those who were truly faithful defended their Orthodox confession and remained pure in Faith, just as in the
previous times of apostasy. The contemporary confessors of Orthodoxy are known as the "True" or "Genuine" Orthodox Christians, just as in
the time of St. Gregory the Theologian, so as to distinguish themselves from the heretics. The True Orthodox Christians have
received divine assurance, just as in the time of the Arian controversy, as the sign of the precious cross once again miraculously
appeared in the heavens, in this instance, above a True Orthodox chapel just outside Athens , Greece , in 1925 to comfort the faithful
True Orthodox Christians and strengthen them in their sacred struggle.