After the Concordat of Worms officially ended the Investiture Controversy in 1122, Orthodox Christians remained in Southern Italy until 1137, with the Submission of Naples to the conquering Normans.
According to Alexander of Hales, writing in 13th-century France, there were parish priests in rural France who, up until the 1240s, refused to recite the Filioque in the Creed.
Gallicanism in France and Febronianism in Germany echoed the Orthodox principle of having national churches independent from the Papacy.
The Old Catholics of Utrecht, who separated from the Roman Catholic Church after the 1870 Vatican I Council, upheld the longstanding sentiment of the Archdiocese of Utrecht that the Pope did not have the right to intervene in other dioceses. In the 11th century, Bishop William of Utrecht and his successors Conrad and Burchard were notable supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor during the Investiture Controversy.